Rich countries’ double standards on taxation
Feature Highlight
Wealthy countries that are ostensibly addressing global tax problems are the ones providing the financial services that enable international tax abuse.
G20 leaders claim – with much self-satisfaction – that they are addressing the global tax-abuse problem, which deprives governments of $483 billion every year. But if the G20 is serious about rectifying the injustice of cross-border tax abuse, it should support developing countries’ call to establish a global tax body at the UN.
The last two years have thrown into sharp relief the structural injustices that underpin the global economy. As the COVID-19 pandemic drove an estimated 88-115 million people into extreme poverty, the world’s billionaires saw their wealth increase by more than 25%. And while countries in the Global North are now administering vaccine boosters, those in the Global South continue to struggle to secure even first doses for their populations.
This appalling level of inequality is inextricably linked to rampant cross-border tax abuse, which is being perpetrated by both multinational corporations and wealthy individuals. By refusing to pay their fair share of taxes, the world’s wealthiest actors rob poorer countries of the revenue they desperately need to confront the pandemic, such as by securing vaccine doses and supporting vulnerable citizens.
G20 leaders claim – with much self-satisfaction – that they are addressing the problem: they recently agreed to establish a global minimum corporate tax rate, thereby ending the “race to the bottom” fuelled by global competition for foreign investment. But the agreed rate is just 15%, and targets only a sliver of the profits of 100 multinationals. This will do about as much to help poor countries as a glass of water would do to put out a wildfire.
The new State of Tax Justice report – published jointly by the Tax Justice Network, Public Services International, and the Global Alliance for Tax Justice – illustrates the scale of the conflagration: $483 billion in public revenue is lost to cross-border tax abuse each year. That is enough to vaccinate every man, woman, and child on the planet three times over.
Of the total losses, corporate-tax abuse by multinational companies accounts for $312 billion, with offshore tax evasion by wealthy individuals accounting for the rest. While wealthier countries technically bear a larger share of those losses, it is poorer countries that suffer the most. In fact, while high- and upper-middle-income countries lose some $443 billion to abusive international tax practices annually, that amounts to just 10% of their public-health budgets. Low- and lower-middle-income countries lose about $40 billion – the equivalent of a staggering 48% of their public-health budgets.
Moreover, it is wealthy countries that are to blame for this state of affairs. Not only have they refused to tackle the problem in a meaningful way; they provide the financial services that enable international tax abuse.
The United Kingdom, together with its network of overseas territories and Crown Dependencies, is responsible for 39% of the overall losses. The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Switzerland account for another 16%. Taken together, the OECD countries are responsible for 78% of revenue losses to international tax abuse each year.
The double standards are astounding. After all, it was under the OECD’s inclusive framework on tax base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) that the much-touted G20 tax deal was designed. Some of the same countries that are enabling all this tax abuse – most notably, the UK and Switzerland – are also blocking a waiver on intellectual-property rights that would enable a massive vaccine rollout in the Global South.
This raises serious questions about whether the OECD is the right institution to coordinate global tax negotiations. True, the OECD opened the way for over 100 non-OECD members to have a voice in the negotiations. But several developing-country proposals were left out of the final agreement.
Not surprisingly, poor countries were far from satisfied. As the G20 was meeting in Rome late last month to endorse the deal, the G77, representing 134 developing economies, reiterated its longstanding call to establish a global tax body at the United Nations, which would take responsibility for reforming global tax regulations and cracking down on offshore tax havens.
The proposal – under which the UN Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters would be transformed into an intergovernmental forum – was first advanced in 2004 by then-UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and me, as Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs. The G77 echoed our call in 2015, at the UN Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa.
A global UN tax body is also a key recommendation of the UN High Level Panel on International Financial Accountability, Transparency, and Integrity for Achieving the 2030 Agenda, and of the Independent Commission for Reform of International Corporate Taxation (ICRICT). (I proudly served on both.) And it aligns with the demands of global civil society.
If the G20 had finalized a deal that was fair to developing economies, the G77 would not have reiterated its call for a UN tax body. That is why the ICRICT has demanded that negotiations to deliver a new global tax deal continue during the G20 presidencies of Indonesia in 2022 and India in 2023.
But real progress will require changing the format of negotiations, to ensure that developing countries’ voices are heard. If the G20 is serious about rectifying the injustice of cross-border tax abuse, it should support the call for a genuinely inclusive process at the UN.
José Antonio Ocampo, a former finance minister of Colombia and United Nations under-secretary-general, is a professor at Columbia University, Chair of the Independent Commission for the Reform of International Corporate Taxation, and an ambassador of the Food and Land Use Coalition. He is the author of Resetting the International Monetary (Non)System and co-author (with Luis Bértola) of The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence. Copyright: Project Syndicate
Other Features
-
Tinubunomics: Is the tail wagging the dog?
Why long-term vision should drive policy actions in the short term to achieve a sustainable Nigerian economic ...
-
Living in fear and want
Nigerians are being battered by security and economic headwinds. What can be done about it?
-
Analysis of the key provisions of the NERC Multi-Year Tariff Order ...
With the MYTO 2024, we can infer that the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry is at a turning point with the ...
-
Volcanic explosion of an uncommon agenda for development
Olisa Agbakoba advises the 10th National Assembly on how it can deliver on a transformative legislative agenda for ...
-
Nigeria and the world in 2024
Will it get better or worse for the world that has settled for crises?
-
The Movers and Shakers of Nigeria 2023
This special publication profiles 25 people and institutions based on their societal or industry impact in 2023.
-
Can the naira become strong again?
The wrong question that keeps policymakers, business leaders, and the citizenry worried.
-
The process of market creation demystified
Distribution, it turns out, is the unsung hero of market creation. It is what makes discovery profitable and ...
-
The most valuable ‘white spaces’ today in African investing
The first gap is in the range of $10-25 million scale-up funding rounds. The second is the lack of customised, ...
Most Popular News
- IFC, partners back Indorama in Nigeria with $1.25 billion for fertiliser export
- Univercells signs MoU with FG on biopharmaceutical development in Nigeria
- CBN settles backlog of foreign exchange obligations
- Ali Pate to deliver keynote speech at NDFF 2024 Conference
- Euromonitor forecasts Sub-Saharan Africa GDP to grow to $4.5trn by 2040
- Afreximbank-backed Geometric Power commissions Aba project